前置詞とは?英文の前置詞の使い方について詳しく!英文法
前置詞:使う
前置詞をよく使う 空間や時間の関係、または 2 人以上の人、場所、物の間の論理的な関係を示すこと。前置詞の後には、名詞句または代名詞が続くことが最も一般的です (下線付き):
The last time I saw him he was walking down the road .
I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema .
It was difficult to sleep during the flight .
It was the worst storm since the 1980s .
Give that to me .
英語には100以上の前置詞があります。最も一般的な単一単語の前置詞は次のとおりです。
about |
beside |
near |
to |
above |
between |
of |
towards |
across |
beyond |
off |
under |
after |
by |
on |
underneath |
against |
despite |
onto |
unlike |
along |
down |
opposite |
until |
among |
during |
out |
up |
around |
except |
outside |
upon |
as |
for |
over |
via |
at |
from |
past |
with |
before |
in |
round |
within |
behind |
inside |
since |
without |
below |
into |
than |
|
beneath |
like |
through |
|
ほとんどの前置詞は単一の単語ですが、一部の単語のペアやグループは単一の前置詞のように機能します。
They were unable to attend because of the bad weather in Ireland.
Jack’ll be playing in the team in place of me.
In addition to getting a large fine, both brothers were put in prison for three months.
I always get nervous when I have to speak in front of an audience.
We estimate that there’ll be up to 10,000 people at the concert.
単語のグループで構成される最も一般的な前置詞は次のとおりです。
ahead of |
except for |
instead of |
owing to |
apart from |
in addition to |
near to |
such as |
as for |
in front of |
on account of |
thanks to |
as well as |
in place of |
on top of |
up to |
because of |
in spite of |
out of |
|
due to |
inside of |
outside of |
|
前置詞か接続詞か?
前置詞であるいくつかの単語は、接続詞としても機能します .を使用する場合 句が続く前置詞、それは接続詞として機能しています。名詞句が続く前置詞を使用すると、前置詞のままになります。最も一般的なのは、 fter, as, before, since, until です。
After I’d met him last night, I texted his sister at once. (接続詞)
After the meeting last night, I texted his sister at once. (前置詞)
We’ll just have to wait until they decide what to do. (接続詞)
Okay, we’ll wait here until six o’clock. (前置詞)
前置詞か副詞か?
前置詞であるいくつかの単語は、副詞の単語クラスにも属します。これらには以下が含ま about, across, around, before, beyond, in, inside, near, opposite, outside, past, round, through, under, up, within :
There were lots of people waiting for a taxi outside the club. (前置詞)
A:Where’s your cat?
B:She’s outside ます。 (副詞)
The gallery is opposite the Natural History Museum. (前置詞)
A:Can you tell me where the bus station is?
B:It’s over there, just opposite 。 (副詞)
前置詞と抽象的な意味
空間の関係を示す一般的な前置詞には、具体的な意味だけでなく抽象的な意味も含まれていることがよくあります。
|
|
|
|
at, in 、 on などの一般的な前置詞には、抽象的な意味を持つものがあります。
I think you will both need to discuss the problem in private.
All three singers were dressed in black.
You now have the next day at leisure and can do whatever you wish.
Our dog stays on guard all night, even when he’s sleeping!
前置詞と形容詞
形容詞の後に前置詞を使うのが一般的です。最も一般的な形容詞 + 前置詞のパターンを次に示します。
形容詞 |
前置詞 |
|
aware, full |
of |
|
different, separate |
from |
|
due, similar |
to |
|
familiar, wrong |
with |
|
good, surprised* |
at |
|
interested |
in |
|
responsible, good |
for |
|
worried, excited |
about |
|
* surprised by も言えます
前置詞と名詞
多くの名詞には、通常それらに続く特定の前置詞があります。
There’s been a large increase in the price of petrol.
Does anyone know the cause of the fire?
前置詞と動詞
多くの動詞は前置詞と一緒になって前置詞動詞を作ります。これらには常にオブジェクトがあります。
I just couldn’t do without my phone.
Robert accused her of stealing his idea.
句前置詞動詞には、動詞、副詞助詞、および前置詞 (下線付き) が含まれます。助詞と前置詞を分離することはできません。
The taxi is due any minute. Can you listen out for it?
I can’t put up with this noise any longer.
前置詞: 位置と座礁
伝統的な文法規則では、節や文の最後に前置詞を置いてはいけません。ただし、前置詞をそれに続く単語 (その補語) から分離することがあります。これは前置詞ストランディングと呼ばれ、非公式スタイルでは一般的です。
She was someone to whom he could talk. (丁寧)
She was someone who he could talk to . (非公式)
Which room are they having breakfast in ? (非公式)
In which room are they having breakfast? (丁寧)
文脈から明らかな単語を除外する場合 (省略記号)、 wh- 単語 + 孤立した前置詞を使用して wh- 質問を使用できます。
A:The office is moving next year ます。
B:Really, where to ?
A:I’m going to buy some flowers online 。
B:Who for ?
A:My mother 。