英文法基礎：受動態の形態について詳しく説明

最も一般的な受動構造は be + -ed 形式です:

Five million people watch the show every week. （ watch のアクティブなプレゼント・シンプル）

The show is watched by five million people every week. ( watch の be + -ed 形式の受動態単純な現在)

この表は、受動態の最も一般的な形式の例を示しています。

時制	形 be			例
現在の単純な	am are is		+ – ed フォーム	Am I invited too? One or two new types of insect are found in Britain each year. It ‘s not made in China.
現在連続	am are is	being		Am I being recorded ? We ‘re already being served , thanks. That computer isn’t being used any more.
過去のシンプル	was were			The story was reported in yesterday’s paper. We didn’t know what was in the boxes. They weren’t labelled .
過去連続	was were	being		Was he being examined ? They were being watched carefully.
現在完了形シンプル	have has	been		Haven’t they been asked to the wedding? He ‘s been hurt .
過去完了シンプル	had	been		An important discovery had been made . Had he been injured in the war?
モーダルシンプル	can will might	be		Reservations can be accepted up to 24 hours before arrival. I don’t think I ‘ll ever be paid . Might we not be allowed to go in?
モーダル連続	could may must	be being		She couldn’t still be being interviewed . The photocopier may be being repaired . It must be being done now.
モーダルパーフェクトシンプル	could must	され have been		Do you think we could have been heard ? The document must have been written when they sold the house.

時制の受動態は、対応する能動態を使用するのと同じ方法で使用します。たとえば、現在単純形を受動態で使用して、一般的または永続的な状態、または現時点で正しいと思われる一般的な事実について話します。

Mr Lloyd and Mrs James teach Geography. (現在単純アクティブ)

Geography is taught by Mr Lloyd and Mrs James. (現在単純受動態)

受動的な構造では、完全な連続形 ( have/has been being + – ed 形) を使用することはあまりありません。私たちは通常、このように文章を言い換える方法を見つけます。

比較

The house has been being renovated for almost a year.	一般的ではありません。通常、この形式は避けます
They have been renovating the house for almost a year.	好ましい形態

以下も参照してください。

They

目的語が続く動詞 (他動詞) と、動詞が前置詞が続きます：

My favourite mug was broken . （誰かが私のお気に入りのマグカップを割った。）

Their car was broken into and the radio was taken . （誰かが彼らの車に侵入し、ラジオを盗んだ。）

The holiday hasn’t been paid for yet. (誰もまだ休日の支払いをしていません。)

目的語を持たない動詞 (自動詞動詞) から受動態を作成することはできません。

The parcel arrived in the post this morning.

Not: The parcel was arrived …

通常、状態や状況を説明するいくつかの動詞 (状態動詞) では受動態を使用しません。

They were having lunch.

Not: Lunch was being had 。

一部の動詞は、能動態よりも受動態の方が一般的です。これらには be born, be populated, be stranded, be taken aback 。

Where were you born ?

Thousands of passengers have been stranded at airports all over Europe after heavy snowfalls.

動詞に 2 つの目的語がある場合、何に焦点を合わせたいかに応じて、どちらかの目的語が受動構造のテーマまたは主語になります。

Her mother gave each child a present. （アクティブ）

A present was given to each child (by her mother). （受け身）

Each child was given a present (by her mother). （受け身）

動詞の補語が主語を指す場合 (動詞をつなぐ)、be be, become, seem sme などの動詞で受動態の構造を形成しません。

After six years of training she has finally become a doctor.